Carbon/carbon　(C/C)　composites　are　considered　as　one　of　the　most　promising　materials　in　structural　applications　owing　to　their　excellent　mechanical　properties　at　high　temperature.　However,　C/C　composites　are　susceptible　to　high-temperature　oxidation.　Matrix　modification　and　coating　technology　with　ultra-high　temperature　ceramics　(UHTCs)　have　proved　to　be　highly　effective　to　improve　the　oxidation　and　ablation　resistance　of　C/C　composites.　In　this　paper,　recent　advances　in　oxidation　and　ablation　resistance　of　C/C　composites　were　firstly　reviewed,　with　attention　to　oxidation　and　ablation　properties　of　C/C　composites　coated　or　modified　with　UHTCs.　Then,　several　new　methods　in　improving　oxidation　and　ablation　resistance　were　discussed,　such　as　by　using　nanostructures　to　toughen　UHTCs　coatings　or　carbon　matrix　and　the　combination　of　matrix　modification　and　coating　technology.　In　addition,　relevant　ablation　tests　with　scaled　models　were　also　briefly　introduced.　Finally,　some　open　problems　and　future　challenges　were　highlighted　in　the　development　and　application　of　these　materials.